Part
4
The Making of Germany and Italy
4.1
Germany
Ø The
liberal initiative of 1848 to nation building was suppressed by combined forces
of the monarchy, the military and support by land owners (called junkers) of Prussia.
Ø Prussia
took the leadership - CM of Prussia Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of
movement - supported by Prussian Army and bureaucracy.
Ø Three
Wars over 7 years - against Austria, Denmark and France - ended in Prussia
victory - in January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German
Emperor at Versailles - at Hall of mirrors in the palace of Versailles - on
18th January 1871.
Ø The
new state placed a strong emphasis on modernisation of currency, banking, legal
and judicial systems in Germany.
4.2.
Italy:
Ø During
the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven States of which
only one state, Sardinia - Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
Ø The
north was ruled by Austrian Habsburgs; centre - by pope; southern region - by Bourbon
kings of Spain.
Ø Italian
language had many regional and local variations.
Ø The
failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848, when Giuseppe Mazzini’s
young Italy was also involved.
Ø Now,
it was on Sardinia Piedmont under King Victor Emmanuel 2, to unify Italian
States through wars.
Ø A
Unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and
political dominance.
Ø Chief
Minister Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.
•
He
spoke French much better than he did Italian.
Ø Sardinia
piedmont, with a tactful diplomatic Alliance with France, engineered by Cavour,
defeated Austrian forces in 1859.
Ø Regular
Troops with armed volunteers - under leadership of Giuseppe garibaldi - merged
towards south Italy and the kingdom of the two Sicilies - in 1860 - won the
support of local peasants - won against Spanish rulers.
Ø In
1861 - victor Emmanuel II - king of United Italy
Ø Italian
population - high illiteracy - unaware of liberal Nationalist ideology -
peasants - who supported garibaldi - in Southern Italy - never heard of 'Italia'
- believed 'La Taliya' was Victor Emmanuel’s wife.
4.3.
The strange case of Britain
Ø The
model of the nation or the nation state is Great Britain.
Ø No
British Nation prior to 18th century - ethnic identities were English, Welsh, Scot
or Irish - They had their own culture and political traditions.
Ø English
parliament - seized power from the monarchy in 1688.
Ø Act
of union (1707) - between England and Scotland - formed 'united Kingdom of
Great Britain' - England had influence on Scotland - British Parliament was
dominated by English members - Scotland’s distinctive culture and political
institutions were systematically suppressed - catholic clans of Scottish
Highlands - were suppressed when tried to assert their independence - Scottish
highlanders - were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their
National dress - forced out of their homeland
Ø Ireland
Was divided between Catholics and Protestants - English helped protestants to
establish dominance over a largely Catholic country - after failure of a
catholic revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798) - Ireland was
forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
Ø The
symbols of the new Britain - the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem
(God save our Noble king), the English language - were promoted.
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