3.2. Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
After 1830:
Ø Enormous increase in population, thus creating unemployment.
Ø Population from rural areas migrated to cities thus creating
overcrowded slums.
Ø Small producers faced stiff competition from cheap machine made
goods from England, specially in textile.
Ø In those reasons where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasant
struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
Ø Rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest created chaos.
About 1848:
Ø Food shortage and widespread unemployment brought the population
of Paris on roads.
Ø Barricades were erected
Ø Louis Philippe was forced to flee
Ø National assembly Proclaimed a Republic
Ø Granted suffrage to all adult males above 21.
Ø Guaranteed right to work - national workshops to provide
employment were set up.
About 1845:
Ø Revolt by weavers in Silesia - against contractors - supplied them
raw materials and gave them orders for finished textiles - drastically reduced
payments
Ø 4th June, 2:00 p.m. - crowd of Weavers march to the mansion of
their contractor - demanded higher wages - were treated with scorn and threats
- a group forced into the house and sabotaged - another group broke into the
storehouse and plundered it of supplies of cloth and tore them - contractor
fled with his family to neighbouring village - villagers refused to give him
shelter - he returned 24 hours later with army - 11 Weavers were shot.
3.3. 1848: The Revolution of the liberals
Ø A revolution led by educated middle class.
Ø in other parts of Europe apart from France, men and women demanded
for the creation of a nation state on parliamentary principles - a
constitution, freedom of press and freedom of association.
Ø In German regions, associations of middle-class professionals,
businessmen and prosperous artisans, met in the city of Frankfurt and decided
to vote for an All-German national assembly.
Ø 18th May, 1848 - 831 elected representative - went to Frankfurt
parliament in the church of Saint Paul - drafted a constitution under
parliamentary system - the king of Russia rejected it (Friedrich Wilhelm IV) -
joined the other monarch to oppose.
Ø Assembly failed due to two reasons:
1.
Aristocracy and military became stronger.
2.
Parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the
demands of workers and artisans and lost their support.
Ø During liberal movement -
ü
Women had
active participation - formed political Associations, founded newspapers and
taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.
ü
But when the Frankfurt
parliament convened, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the
visitors' gallery.
ü
They did not
get suffrage rights.
Ø Monarchs granted concessions to the liberal Nationalists -
ü
Serfdom and
bonded labour were abolished in the Habsburg Dominions and in Russia.
ü
The Habsburg
rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.
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