Part 3 The Age of Revolutions: 1830 - 1848
Ø Revolutions were led by the liberal nationalists belonging to the
educated middle class elite, among home were professors, school teachers,
clerks and members of the commercial middle classes.
Ø The first upheaval was in France in July 1830.
ü
The Bourbon
king were overthrown by liberal nationalist revolutionaries.
ü
A
constitutional monarchy was installed with Louis Philippe as its head.
Ø Metternich said," When France sneezes, the rest of Europe
catches cold."
Ø The July revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which
separated Belgium from the United Kingdom of Netherlands.
Ø Treaty of Constantinople, 1832:-
1.
This Treaty
recognised Greece as an independent Nation.
2.
The Greek war
of independence is said to spark the nationalist feelings among the educated
elites across Europe.
3.
Greece was a
part of Ottoman Empire since 15th century.
4.
Struggle for
independence amongst the Greeks began in 1821.
5. Nationalist in
Greece got support from other Greeks in exile and from west Europeans who had
sympathy for ancient Greek culture.
6. Poets and
artists Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilized public
opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim Empire.
7.
English poet
Lord Byron organised funds and went to fight in the war. He died of fever in
1824.
8.
Finally Treaty
of Constantinople was signed.
3.1. The romantic imagination and National feeling
Ø Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the
nation.
Ø Art and poetry, stories and music held Express and shape
Nationalist feelings.
Ø Romanticism - a cultural movement which sought to develop a
particular form of nationalist sentiment.
Ø Such artists and poets glorified on emotions, intuitions and
mystical feelings.
Ø They created a sense of collective heritage, a common cultural
past, as the basis of the nation.
ü
German
philosopher Johann Gottfried herder (1744 - 1803) claimed that true German
culture was discovered among the common people - das volk.
ü
It was through
folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that true spirit of the nation (volksgeist)
was popularised.
Ø The use of vernacular language and the collection of local
folklore also helped to carry the modern Nationalist message to large audiences
who were mostly illiterate.
Ø Though Poland did not exist as an independent Nation at this time
but national feelings were kept alive through music and language.
Example:- Karol
Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through operas and music - folk
dances like the Polonaise and Mazurka - as national symbols.
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