Part 1
The French Revolution and the idea of the nation
Ø French Revolution is considered the first clear expression of
nationalism.
Ø Occurred in 1789
Ø The political and constitutional changes that came during the French
Revolution led to the transfer of supremacy from the monarchy to a body of French
citizens.
Ø Measures taken by French revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity:-
1.
The ideas of la
patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized on the United
community with equal rights under a constitution.
2.
A new French
flag, the Tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
3.
The estates
general was elected by the body of active citizens and was the renamed further
as 'National Assembly'.
4.
New hymns were
composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated.
5.
A Centralised
administrative system with uniform laws for all citizens was created.
6.
Internal
customs duties and dues were abolished.
7.
Uniform system
of weights and measures was adopted.
8.
Regional
dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.
Ø The revolutionaries further declared that they would help others
of Europe to become Nations.
Ø Students and members of educated middle class began setting up Jacobin
clubs, for various campaigns and revolutionary activities, which made way for
French Armies to move into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy in the
1790s. Thus, we can say that the French Army began to carry the idea of
nationalism abroad.
Ø Revolutionary administrative principles by Napoleon:-
1.
Also known as
civil Code of 1804 or the Napoleonic code.
2.
He removed all
privileges based on birth.
3.
He established
equality before law and secured the right to property.
4.
In the Dutch
Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative
divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and
manorial dues.
5.
Guild
restrictions were removed and transport and communication systems were
improved. Thus peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed this new
Freedom.
Ø Reactions of the local populations to French rule:-
·
Initially, in
Holland and Switzerland and in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw,
the French Armies were welcomed as harbingers of Liberty.
·
Soon, it became
clear that the new administrative arrangements was not accompanied with
political freedom.
· There was increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies for conquering the rest of Europe.
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