Part 2 The making of Nationalism in Europe
Ø Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies
and cantons whose rulers had their own autonomous territories. There lived
diverse population. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture.
They spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups.
Ø The Habsburg empire that ruled over Austria - Hungary included the
alpine regions - the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland - as well as bohemia ( German
speaking aristocracy ) and Italian speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
Ø In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other
half spoke various other dialects.
Ø In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke polish.
Ø There also lived subject peasants within the boundary - Bohemians
and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south, and Roumans
to the East in Transylvania.
2.1. The aristocracy and the new middle class
Ø A landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent and
United buy a common way of life.
ü
They owned
estates in the country side and town houses
ü
They spoke
French for diplomacy and in high society.
ü
Their families
were often connected by ties of marriage.
ü
They were
numerically a small group.
Ø Majority of the population was peasantry.
ü
The land was
farmed by tenants and small owners in the west.
ü
In the East and
Central Europe, the land holding was characterized by vast estates which were
cultivated by serfs.
Ø In western and parts of Central Europe, the growth of Industrial
Production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial
classes whose existence was based on production for the market.
Ø Industrialisation began in England ( second half of 18th century )
and reached France and Germany during 19th century.
Ø This gave birth to a new working class population - the middle
class - made up of industrialists, businessmen and professionals.
Ø It was among the educated, liberal middle classes, that ideas of
national Unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained
popularity.
2.2. What did liberal nationalism stand for?
Ø The term 'liberalism' is derived from in word 'liber' meaning
free.
ü
For middle
class liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all
before the law.
ü
Politically, it
emphasized the concept of government by consent
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