ü
Since French Revolution, it
meant the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and
representative government through parliament.
ü
19th century liberals
stressed on the inviobility of private property.
Ø In
Revolutionary France, universal suffrage was still not present. The right to
vote and to get elected was granted only to property owning men.
Ø Only
for a very little period, under the Jacobins, did all males enjoy suffrage.
Ø Under
Napoleonic code also was Limited suffrage present. Women were minors and
subject to authority of their fathers and husbands.
Ø Economically,
liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed
restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
Example:-
ü
In a confederation of 39
States. Each having its own currency and weights and measures.
ü
A merchant travelling in
1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods, had to pass through 11
customs and pay a custom duty of 5% at each.
ü
Duties were often levied
according to the weight or measurement of goods, which since being different
involved a time consuming calculations.
ü
An Elle was to measure
length of cloth, which Frankfurt was 54.7 centimetres, Mainz was 55.1
centimetres, Nuremburg 65.6 centimetres and in Freiburg was 53.5 centimetres.
Ø The
new commercial class demanded for a unified economic territory.
Ø In
1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed by Prussia and joined by most
German States.
Ø The
union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the currency from over 30 to 2.
Ø Creation
of a network of Railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic
interest to National unification.
2.3.
A new conservatism after 1815
Ø A
new group named conservatives came into being.
ü
They believed to reestablish
traditional institutions of state and Society like monarchy, church, social
hierarchies, etc.
ü
They believed that
modernisation such as a modern Army, and efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic
economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic
monarchy of Europe.
Ø European
powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria) who defeated Napoleon, met at
Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
Ø The
Congress was hosted by the Austrian chancellor Duke Metternich.
Ø They
Drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815, for undoing most of the changes that had
come about in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars.
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