**3.1 The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)**
👉🏻 All those whom Robespierre saw as being enemies of the Republic, ex-Nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, and his own party, who did not agree with his methods, were arrested, imprisoned, and tried by a revolutionary tribunal. If guilty, they were guillotined.
👉🏻 Guillotine, a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded, invented by Dr. Guillotine.
👉🏻 Maximum ceiling on wages and prices—Meat and bread were rationed—Peasants were forced to transport their grains to the cities and sell at fixed prices by the government—White flour was forbidden—All citizens ate the pain-de-egalite(equality bread) of whole wheat—Instead of monsieur(sir), and madame(madam). All French men and women were citoyen and citoyenne [citizen]—Churches were shut down and converted into barracks and offices.
👉🏻 Robespierre was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested, and guillotined the next day.
**3.2 - A Directory Rules France**
👉🏻 After the Jacobins, the wealthier middle class seized power.
👉🏻 **New Constitution**
* They denied the vote to non-propertied sections.
* Two elected legislative councils
* The legislative councils appointed a Directory, an executive of five members, to avoid concentrating power in a single executive position.
👉🏻 Directors often clashed with the Legislative Councils—had the power to dismiss Directories—rising political instability—making way for military dictator Napoleon Bonaparte.
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